Measuring the Air Quality in Stadiums
Air quality is a subject that is discussed extensively. It makes the headlines on a regular basis in connection with climate change, gas emissions, and the introduction of environmental zones. However, it is difficult to find contributions on air quality in connection with sporting events. In 2008, for example, measurements were carried out in the urban areas of Beijing in order to decrease air pollution during the Games: factories were closed temporarily and traffic reduced [1]. IR technology contributed to this effort.
Large events hold an enormous potential for the testing of new technologies, the collection of measurement data, and the further development of systems. For example, the QCLOPS free-beam quantum cascade laser system, which monitors ozone, ammonia, and carbon dioxide in the air, was tested in Beijing for the first time [1]. Open-path systems are suited for measurements over long distances. Further developments lead to a system of interconnected sensors that are used to predict air quality, especially in large cities and on industrial sites [2].
Security Aspects of Large Events
Whether preparing for political summits or international sporting events, many aspects must be considered: these include testing the air for harmful gases. This is carried out via so-called passive open-path FTIR, which was originally developed for military applications (e.g., the localization and characterization of poisonous gas clouds). Passive systems are characterized by the fact that they do not require an external light source or reflection optics for these measurements. This allows for continuous 24/7 and 360° monitoring.
In Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, a laser provides the frequency standard. In the beginning, HeNe lasers were primarily used for this purpose; however, they were phased out as part of the miniaturization process by single-mode vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (SM-VCSELs). This led to the development of compact systems for use in civil applications as well: This allows fire departments to better assess large fires, hazard prevention teams to respond to possible poisonous gas attacks early on and send out warnings or evacuate.
One example of a “scanning infrared gas visualization system” is the SIGIS 2 from Bruker, which was christened at the start of the World Cup in Germany in 2006. Luckily, there have not been any serious incidents; however, this technology has still been tested many times: for example, at public viewing events in Stuttgart, it was possible to localize alcohol clouds [3]. These systems are used surprisingly often; in fact, even Brazil ordered units prior to the Games.
[1] Quantum cascade laser open-path system for remote sensing of trace gases in Beijing, China
www.daylightsolutions.com/assets/005/5447.pdf
[2] www.opensense.ethz.ch/trac
[3] Remote Sensing Systems monitor air in stadiums, Bruker, Application Note # 85
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